EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF PLANTS EXTRACTS AGAINST DAMPING-OFF DISEASE ON MAIZE (Zea Mays) IN THE GREENHOUSE
ABSTRACTDamping-off disease, caused by soil-borne pathogens, is a major challenge in maize production, leading to significant seedling losses. Synthetic fungicides are commonly used for control, but concerns over environmental impact and resistance development necessitate alternative approaches. This study evaluates the efficacy of plant extracts (henna, neem, onion, garlic, and ginger) in controlling damping-off disease in maize. A greenhouse experiments was conducted using different concentrations (10%, 5%, 3.3%, 2.5%, and 2%) of plant extracts in the year 2023 rainy season greenhouse, Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi Kano State, in the Sudan Savanna agro-ecological Zone of Nigeria. The extracts were applied as seed treatments and tested against damping-off pathogens. Disease incidence, seedling emergence, and vigor were assessed. Data were analyzed using statistical methods to determine the treatment effects. The findings revealed that plant extracts significantly reduced damping-off disease incidence compared to the untreated control treatment. Neem, henna and garlic extracts were the most effective, particularly at higher concentrations (10%, 5% and 3.3%) reducing disease severity while enhancing seedling vigor. However, excessive concentrations caused phytotoxic effects in some treatments. The study demonstrates the potential of plant-based treatments as eco-friendly alternatives for managing damping-off disease in maize. Further research through field trials and formulation optimization is recommended to enhance effectiveness and farmer adoption. Its recommended that farmers in Kano State, Nigeria, should consider using neem, henna and garlic extracts at proper concentrations as biofungicides for seed treatment to reduce damping-off disease in maize.Keywords: Damping-Off, Plant Extracts, Concentrations.